Youth and Guns Violence in America Essay Example

Youth and Guns: Violence in America Essay Gun violence in the United States has become an epidemic. From the Civil War to the present, 567,000 Americans have died in combat; but since 1920, over 1 million American civilians have been killed by firearms (Children’s Defense Fund, p. 15). For thousands of teens, death from gun violence is the end of the pipeline. In 2007, 3,042 children and teens died from gunfire in the United States—eight every day—as a result of homicide, suicide or accidental shootings. Almost six times as many children and teens – 17,523 – suffered non-fatal gun injuries, which have serious physical and emotional consequences. Children’s Defense Fund, p. 3) Youth violence is a complex problem, influenced by psychological, economic, and social factors (Eron and Slaby, 1–22). The problem is substantially worsened because of the lethality and accessibility of firearms. Guns cause deaths and severe injuries more frequently than knives, clubs, or fists, and with guns, even violent impulses can have lethal outcomes. Guns also are easily available to young people, even though federal law, with a few exceptions, prohibits those under 21 from purchasing handguns and those under 18 from purchasing rifles and shotguns or possessing handguns. Exceptional lethality, combined with easy access, accounts at least in part for the fact that firearm-related injuries remain the second leading cause of death among children and youth ages 10 to 19. Only motor vehicle accidents claim more young lives. (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System) Suicide is the third leading cause of death among youth aged 10 to 19 years in the United States, accounting for 1883 deaths in 2001 (Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence). Firearms were used in approximately half of suicides within this age group in 2001; however, as recently as 1994, 7 of every 10 suicides among teenagers involved firearms. (Kellermann, p. 263) Numerous studies have documented a clear association between the presence of firearms in the home and suicides, particularly suicides by adolescents and young adults. One study found that a gun in the home is 22 times more likely to be used in a completed or attempted suicide, criminal assault or homicide (7x), or unintentional shooting death or injury (4x) than to be used in a self-defense shooting, contrary to what many ro-gunners believe. The rate of nonfirearm suicides among 5- to 14-year-olds in the United States is roughly equal to the rate in other industrialized countries combined. However, the firearm suicide rate among children in this age group is nearly 11 times higher. As a result, children in the United States commit suicide at twice the rate of children in 25 other industrialized nations combined. (Children’s Defense Fund, p. 101) Unintentional shootings among young people most frequently happen when children or youth obtain a gun and play with it, not realizing that it is real, or loaded, or pointed at themselves or a friend. We will write a custom essay sample on Youth and Guns: Violence in America specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Youth and Guns: Violence in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Youth and Guns: Violence in America specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1998, more than 7% of children and youth under age 20 killed by firearms died in unintentional shootings,36 and these shootings accounted for 27% of firearm deaths among children under age 12. Boys, African American children, and Hispanic children are more likely to die in accidental shootings than are other groups of children. The death rate from unintentional shootings among children is nine times higher in the United States than in 25 other industrialized nations combined (Children’s Defense Fund, p. 101). Although accidental shootings of children have declined significantly in recent decades, they still attract a great deal of public attention, perhaps because the victims, and sometimes even the perpetrators, are seen as blameless and the deaths preventable. If guns were not present in the home, if they were designed with safety features making them difficult for children to fire, or if they were stored safely—unloaded and locked, with ammunition stored separately from the guns—the risk to young children could be virtually eliminated. As previously stated, firearm homicide is the second-leading cause of death for young people ages 1-19 in the United States. The 3,042 children and teens killed by gunfire in the U. S. in 2007 is comparable to the total number of U. S. combat deaths in Iraq and four times the number of American combat fatalities in Afghanistan to date. The amount of preschoolers (under age 5) killed by gunfire (85) is more than the number of law enforcement officers (57) killed in the line of duty. (Children’s Defense Fund, pg. 2). Out of 3,042 children and teens killed by gun? re, another 17,523 suffered non-fatal gun injuries. In addition to the human toll, gun violence among young people imposes significant psychological costs on society. For children and youth, these costs can be especially high; those exposed to gun violence are at risk for significant and lasting psychological effects. Moreover, children do not have to be injured themselves to experience these negative effects. Exposure to gun violence at home, at school, in the community, or through the media all can cause harm. Some of these affects include posttraumatic stress, poor school performance, increased delinquency, risky sexual behaviors, substance abuse, and desensitization to violence. All of these effects can make children and youth more prone to violence themselves. (Chidren’s Defense Fund, p. 12) However, the children and youth at highest risk for psychological trauma from gun violence are those exposed to it directly: children who are injured, who witness gun violence at close proximity, or who are exposed to high levels of gun violence in their homes, schools, or communities. (Chidren’s Defense Fund, p. 2) A December 2001 study of 119 African American seven-year-olds living in inner-city Philadelphia, for example, found that three-quarters had heard gunfire, one-third had seen someone shot, and one-tenth had someone in their own family or household who had been shot or stabbed. Among children in the study, exposure to higher levels of violence was correlated with more anxiety , greater likelihood of depression, lower self-esteem, lower grade point average, and more absences from school. More than 60% of the children worried that they might be killed or die, and 19% sometimes wished they were dead. Hurt, Malmud, Brodsky, and Giannetta 1351–56) Despite widespread recognition of the psychological costs to children and youth associated with gun violence, physicians and mental health professionals have been slow to develop treatments that help young people cope with gun-related trauma. Even children and youth who are injured often go without psychological help. One group of doctors has observed, â€Å"When patients present with suicide attempts, evaluation for future risk and follow-up treatment are considered standard practice. However, individuals treated for violent injuries generally receive no further evaluation. †(Christoffel, Spivak, and Witwer 1202–03) Although they are rare, shootings at schools and universities are devastating to families and communities. The last nation-wide known shooting occurred on April 16, 2007. A Virginia Tech student by the name of Seung-Hui Cho killed 32 students and faculty and wounded 15 more at the University before killing himself. Following the incident, there was an overwhelming response from both sides of the gun control issue. While the pro-gunners believed that arming the students would help their chances of survival if an attack were to occur, the community and students of Virginia Tech went forward with a â€Å"Lie-In† to try to instill stricter gun laws. Despite the efforts towards stricter gun laws on school grounds and campuses alike, there have been at least 60 cases of mass school shootings involving kids and teens since 2007 (Brady). What will it take for us to stop this senseless loss of young lives? Common sense gun laws can make a difference. States with higher rates of gun ownership and weak gun control laws have the highest rates of firearm deaths of people of all ages. Although polls show that the majority of Americans favor common sense gun control laws that would stem the tide of gun violence, federal and state legislative reform has been difficult to achieve. We need political leaders who will protect our children by enacting legislation to limit the number of guns in our communities, control who can obtain firearms, and ensure that guns in the home are stored safely and securely. (Childrens Defense Fund, p. 6) There is no federal law that specifically allows or prohibits guns on college campuses. According to the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, 26 states prohibit guns on college campuses with the exception of public safety officers. Twenty-three states allow public campuses to determine their own gun policies, with nearly all choosing to be gun-free. Only one state — Utah — c urrently prohibits college administrators and security professionals from setting rules regarding firearms on campus, thus effectively allowing guns on campus (Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence). No single policy solution will end youth gun violence in the United States; a wide variety of approaches is needed to address different aspects of the problem. Key strategies that may reduce youth gun violence include: reducing unsupervised exposure to guns among children and youth, strengthening social norms against violence in communities, enforcing laws against youth gun carrying, altering the design of guns to make them less likely to be used by children and youth, and, perhaps most importantly, implementing new legal and regulatory interventions that make it more difficult for youth to obtain guns. Numerous studies document the ease with which youth can obtain guns in the United States. In a 1998 national study of male high school sophomores and juniors, 6% of respondents had carried a handgun outside the home in the previous 12 months. Among the youth who had carried guns, 48% had been given or loaned the gun by a family member or friend. An equal percentage had obtained the gun through an illegal purchase or theft: 35% had bought the gun (of those, 53% bought from family or friends), 5% reported asking someone else to purchase the gun, and 6% had stolen or traded something for it (Sheller, Wright 1994). Youth can obtain guns illegally from licensed dealers or in private transactions. Although licensed firearms dealers are regulated by the federal government (and by many states) and are required to conduct criminal background checks on all purchasers, some dealers do sell illegally to youth, often by turning a blind eye to â€Å"straw purchases†, in which youth ask older acquaintances to buy guns for them. Only a small minority of licensed gun dealers are involved in illegal activity. According to federal statistics, guns sold by 1. % of retailers account for more than 57% of the weapons that are later traced by ATF after being recovered by law enforcement following a crime (Commerce in firearms in the United States). At the same time, guns sold by licensed dealers account for only about 60% of the guns sold in the United States. Guns sold by private parties, collectors, and unlicensed vendors at gun shows account for 40% of all gun sales. These sales are not regulated by the federal government, nor by most states. In an unregulated private sale, no background check takes place. Sellers are not required to keep records of their sales, and they do not even have to ask buyers for identification. Such lax requirements make it easy for youth to obtain guns. Decreasing the availability of illegal guns to youth is an important strategy to de-escalate the violence that plagues many communities, and to reduce the fear and need for self-protection that lead many youth to get guns in the first place. Researcher David Kennedy, who has written extensively about youth gangs and gun violence, has observed, Many of the kids involved in this life do not really want to live it. Less readily available weaponry would ease tensions and diminish the deadliness of incidents. (Kennedy, 76) Without stronger, sensible gun laws, thousands upon thousands of people will continue to die and be injured needlessly each year. We make it too easy for dangerous people to obtain dangerous weapons. We should make it harder for convicted felons, the dangerously mentally ill, domestic violence offenders and youth to get the guns in the first place. We can do this by passing strong, effective laws and stopping laws and policies that would allow guns on campuses. Works Cited Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence. Brady Campaign, 2011. Web. 9 Dec 2011. . Childrens Defense Fund, Protect Children Not Guns 2010, September 2010 Christoffel, K. K. , Spivak, H. , and Witwer, M. â€Å"Youth violence prevention: The physicians role. † Journal of the American Medical Association (March 1, 2000) 1202–03. Eron, L. D, and LG Slaby. Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence and youth . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1996. 1–22. Hurt, H. , M. Malmud, N. Brodsky, and J. Giannetta. Exposure to violence: Psychological and academic correlates in child witnesses. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. (2001): 1351–56. Print. Fowler, Patrick J. , et al, â€Å"Community Violence: A Meta-Analysis on the Effect of Exposure and Mental Health Outcomes of Children and Adolescents,† Development and Psychopathology 21 (2009) Kellermann, Arthur L. , Injuries and Deaths due to Firearms in the Home, Journal of Trauma (1998) Kennedy, D. Can we keep guns away from kids? The American Prospect (June 23, 1994) 74–80 Miller, Matthew, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway. â€Å"Household Firearm Ownership and Suicide Rates in the United States. † Epidemiology 13 (2006) 517-724 National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System. n. page. Web. 9 Dec. 2011. . Sheley, J. F. , and Wright, J. D. High school youth, weapons, and violence: A national survey. National Institute of Justice Research in Brief. Washington, DC. October 1998 United

The Commonwealth Parliament of Australia †Government Paper

The Commonwealth Parliament of Australia – Government Paper Free Online Research Papers The Commonwealth Parliament of Australia Government Paper The Commonwealth Parliament, the Australian Executive government and courts each played a role in the resolution of the Tampa crisis. The actions of these institutions will be discussed and then examined further in relation to the separation of powers doctrine; it will be argued that whereas the Parliament and courts acted within their powers, the Executive Government did not. The government needed to change the existing refugee policy quickly to enforce John Howard’s decision to ‘draw a line on†¦an uncontrollable number of illegal arrivals’, by using executive action and attempting to pass legislation through Parliament. On the 29th August 2001, Howard tabled the retrospective Border Protection Bill 2001, aiming to put beyond doubt the domestic legal basis for actions taken regarding foreign ships within Australia’s territorial waters and to limit judicial review of action taken regarding such vessels. The Senate rejected this Bill. The Executive responded to the Tampa situation in an unprecedented manner by preventing the vessel from entering Australia’s territorial waters through the use of military forces. This arm played a crucial role in the resolution of the crisis: as the Border Protection Bill 2001 was rejected, the Executive was forced to look to other means in order to resolve the situation. On the 1st September 2001, Howard announced that agreements had been reached for the rescuees to have their asylum claims processed in Nauru and New Zealand: the crisis was resolved through the help of these nations, and this was known as the Pacific Solution, initiated by the Executive. Processing centres where ‘offshore entry persons’ could be transferred to in order to have their claims processed were established at Papua New Guinea, Nauru and also on Christmas Island. Also implemented was legislation which excised Christmas Island and Ashmore Reef from the ordinary visa application and processing regime under the Migration Act 1958, such that individuals arriving on these islands did not have the same access to visas as those arriving on the Australian mainland, thereby strengthening deterrence against unauthorised arrivals. In Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs Ors v Eric Vadarlis, the Full Federal Court overruled the initial decision that rescuees be brought to the Australian mainland, which had been made on the basis that the Commonwealth had detained the individuals without lawful authority. However, Justices Beaumont and French reasoned that the Commonwealth had in fact acted within its executive power; the court also took into account the urgent nature of the case, announcing the decision in advance of the publication of reasons. Vadarlis sought special leave to appeal in the High Court; although the importance of the claim was acknowledged, it was rejected as the matter had become a hypothetical due to the enactment of the Pacific Solution. The courts’ role in the resolution of the Tampa crisis would have been more significant had this not occurred, and will be discussed further in relation to the separation of powers doctrine. The separation of powers doctrine divides power within a single level of government, allocating legislative, executive and judicial power to corresponding institutions of government. Thus, the legislative function (i.e. the Parliament’s function) is to make new law, and alter or repeal existing law; the Executive’s function is the carrying on of government according to law, including the framing of policy; as well as the supervision of defence. Thirdly, the judicial function regards the interpretation of the law and its application to cases. The roles of these institutions in the Tampa crisis will be assessed with respect to this definition of separation of powers, as it is readily applicable and relevant in a modern Australian context. The Executive potentially prevented the effective exercise of the Parliament’s powers during the Tampa crisis by applying political pressure upon the Parliament to pass new legislation in order to prevent the rescuees from having their asylum claims processed on the Australian mainland. The courts, however, did not affect the Parliament’s exercise of their powers: the courts were deciding cases pertaining to the actions of the Executive only (to be discussed). The actions of the Federal Parliament during the Tampa crisis potentially prevented the effective exercise of the Executive’s power to administer laws and carry out government business: Parliament rejected Howard’s Border Protection Bill 2001 (which was an attempt to legislatively validate the Executive’s actions) thereby limiting the Executive’s power which essentially depends on legislation: the Executive did not have the power to legally expel illegal immigrants from Australia’s borders. Despite this, the Executive continued to resolve the crisis in a manner appropriate to the government’s new assertive stance by initiating the Pacific Solution; and formally changed the policy later with the new border protection regime. The actions of the Executive were examined in the aforementioned cases, which were a challenge to the Executive and its actions during the Tampa crisis, potentially preventing the exercise of their powers. At appeal, Justices Beaumont and French in the Full Court of the Federal Court reasoned that the Executive’s actions were within its powers given s.61 of the Constitution and the fact that the Executive has the power to promote national interests, even without a legislative basis. (Although it will not be discussed here, the ambiguity of s.61 must be acknowledged: the Commonwealth Constitution does not define ‘executive power’, such that its interpretation requires other assumptions.) On the other hand, Justice Black dissented, arguing that there is no executive power to expel individuals in peacetime and further, executive power existing within legislation overrides any powers existing outside legislation. Having considered this, I submit that although the Executive government effectively resolved the crisis, their actions were inconsistent with the requirements of the separation of powers doctrine. The definition I have based my argument upon states that the Executive’s role is to ‘administer government according to law’: the Migration Act 1958 specifies that once asylum seekers enter the Migration Act Zone, they must be taken into detention. The actions of the Executive were outside of this existing legislation and were, therefore, inconsistent with the separation of powers doctrine. In this case, policy was being changed and created ‘on the run’, as opposed to through the legislative powers of Parliament. It could be argued that the Executive simply took a formalistic reading of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, thus providing a legal and justified basis for their actions (i.e. using the military to prevent the Tampa from entering Australia’s territorial borders), but it must be emphasised that the Executive continued to refuse entry when the individuals were within Australia’s borders; they did this with no legal basis but in defiance of existing legislation. The actions of the Executive also prevented the courts’ exercise of their power to determine disputes: as the rescuees had been moved to either Nauru or New Zealand, pursuant to the Pacific Solution, the dispute in the High Court was hypothetical and not ‘constitutionally cognisable in a court exercising the judicial power of the Commonwealth.’ Furthermore, the courts were affected by the Parliament’s and Executive’s changes in the legislative framework, namely the limitations to the grounds for judicial review, passed on the 26th September 2001. Although the courts’ interpretation and application of law were consistent with the separation of powers doctrine, these changes to legislation were not. Judicial review is a crucial concept in the separation of powers doctrine, given that limits are placed on the exercise of governmental power, and the importance of ensuring that this power is controlled. Further, the separation of judicial power serves to review executive action. However, the enforcement procedures in the new border protection scheme effectively removed all judicial review of decisions regarding immigration matters, except for the limited jurisdiction of the High Court. Although the Tampa crisis was effectively resolved, I believe that the actions of the courts were consistent with the requirements of the separation of powers doctrine in Australia whereas the actions of the Executive were not, given its defiance of existing legislation. Further, Parliament’s and the Executive’s changes to legislation were also inconsistent with important concepts underlying the separation of powers doctrine: judicial review and limitation of power. 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The Back injuries prevention and safe lifting practises in JIMS Essay

The Back injuries prevention and safe lifting practises in JIMS CLEANING - Essay Example Accidental back injuries are to blame for thousands of hours of lost productivity in places of work and millions of dollars in lost returns. If you add health related costs, that including employee reimbursement claims and medical care that includes a range from simple first aid to key surgeries, and the expenditures incurred by the World’s business and industries makes them slug behind. Such kind of accidents have seen an increased number of people have their productive years and potency cut short as a result of back injuries and poor lifting practises. Introduction and Scope statement. In this final report, I aim to make available an intensive summary of my knowledge in managing the general operations of JIM’S CLEANING. This final report focuses on highlighting the key issues that have come up during the whole project period, as well as during the assessment of the developed solutions and implemented in response to such issues. Work-related injuries take place every day in workplaces. These injuries frequently arise because new employees are not properly inducted and trained in the appropriate work dynamics. One way to put a stop to workplace injuries is to set up appropriate work measures and train all staff in safe and professional job methods. Initiating appropriate work safety measures is one of the benefits of this project as it tries to initiate and discover on hand or probable job hazards and coming up with the best way to achieve the work and to decrease or eradicate these hazards. Better work methods decreases expenses ensuing from worker non-attendance and workers’ reimbursement leading to improved output. ... Work-related injuries take place every day in workplaces. These injuries frequently arise because new employees are not properly inducted and trained in the appropriate work dynamics. One way to put a stop to workplace injuries is to set up appropriate work measures and train all staff in safe and professional job methods. Initiating appropriate work safety measures is one of the benefits of this project as it tries to initiate and discover on hand or probable job hazards and coming up with the best way to achieve the work and to decrease or eradicate these hazards. Better work methods decreases expenses ensuing from worker non-attendance and workers’ reimbursement leading to improved output. It is imperative to put into consideration that the work measures illustrated in this project report are relatively biased and tend to lean towards the dynamics of JIM’S CLEANING and do not inevitably take account of all hazards, or protections for related jobs in the industry at l arge. PROJECT OVERVIEW/PLANNING. The back injury prevention and health safety project by JIM’S CLEANING is dedicated to provide its employees with the safest workplace conditions, taking into deliberation the state legislative necessities, as per the current Australian Standards in industry best practice. Safety, therefore, is regarded as the core value of JIM’S CLEANING. The company has conceptualized the project’s dream by developing firm guiding principles on safety, as shown in its health and safety policy that aims to protect not just the lives of the client, but more importantly of the employees. The company believes that the recognition of this project

Great A&P Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Great A&P - Essay Example The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company was not the first chain retail store, nor did it invent the concept of the supermarket. A&P did not develop any new business strategies nor did they employ a single technique that hadn’t been used previously by others in some form or fashion. They were, however, able to find wild success in the transformation of the process and efficiency of food distribution in Depression-era America and afterwards. The changes A&P subsequently made to our food distribution system set the stage for it to become the largest retailer in the world between the years of 1915 and 1960. A&P recognized that the nation’s reliance on small, independent grocers was not effective since it was primarily based off high price margins and low volumes of stock. Consumers did indeed benefit from the changes A&P integrated into the modern shopping experience, but heated debate did ignite among small business owners and politicians the country over. It would seem t hat the Great A&P itself had undercut local, independent butchers, bakers, and candlestick makers in order to unite and profit from the retail conglomerate that it had envisioned. Although A&P didn’t actually cause these problems, it certainly took the heat for them, and Levinson does an ample job of illustrating how A&P’s triumphs put the organization center stage over the possibilities of corporate monopolization meant for the livelihood of small business owners nationwide. George Gilman, in the 1860s in New York City, differentiated his leather goods business into beverage and tea sales.

What are alternative sources of funding in the fire service during Research Proposal

What are alternative sources of funding in the fire service during difficult economic times - Research Proposal Example Hence it is better to fight the turmoil with the alternative strategies of funding. Limited by a stipulated budget, the fire department in the United States are trying to capitalise on a wide range of fund raising approaches beyond the conventional methods (US Fire Administration, n.d.). The fund raising strategies can vary from small fees to large sources of fund as benefit assessments. Sometimes these major funding sources pay off as much as 40 percent of the service budget. Development fees and subscription charges are two of its major alternative funding strategies. These are the fees which the private investors pay for constructing a new fire stations and buying related apparatus. Subscription charges are paid by the households and are a part of the emergency medical services availed by them (US Fire Administration, n.d.). Some fire divisions have suggested, keeping these fees specific for small house hold fires. According to them, an additional service charge must be paid for dealing with the emergency services. Few fire departments, though aware of the fact that the housing insurance policies do cover up a few thousand dollars for fire protection fees, would still like to charge for fire prevention services. Some other departments charge almost for everything, starting from simple services to the special emergency ones (US Fire Administration, n.d.). The payment can be in two ways; either by subscription fee or by service fees for each of the services. The major source of funding comes from the emergency incidents. Some services which were free earlier are charged these days. Some local funding strategy include tax revenue, borrowing, leasing, benefit assessment charges, fees, strategic alliances, cost sharing and consolidations, fines and citations, sales of assets and services, subscriptions and impact development fees (US Fire Administration, n.d.). Apart from these there are more miscellaneous

The Worst Natural Disasters In History History Essay

The Worst Natural Disasters In History History Essay The Black Death had many long-term consequences. One was a series of vicious attacks on Jews, lepers, and outsiders who were accused of deliberately poisoning the water or the air. Lepers were singled out and persecuted. Anyone with a skin disease such as acne was thought to be a leper. They were, for the most part, exterminated throughout Europe. The attacks against Jews began in the south of France, but were most dramatic in parts of Switzerland and German areas with a long history of attacks on local Jewish communities. Jews were rounded up and burned or drowned in marshes. Sometimes there were attacks on Jews even where there was no plague. This persecution was often done, not solely out of religious hatred, but as a way of attacking the Kings or the Church who normally protected the Jews. Jews were often called the Kings property and it was a way for people to lash out at the institutions who they believe had failed them. Fewer Jews died from the Black Death, in part due to rabb inical law which called for a lifestyle that was, in general, cleaner than that of a medieval villager. It is estimated that between one-third and one-half of the European population died from the outbreak between 1348 and 1350. As many as 25% of all villages were depopulated, mostly the smaller communities, as the few survivors fled to larger towns and cities. The Black Death hit the towns and cities disproportionately hard. Some rural areas, for example, Eastern Poland and Lithuania, had such low populations and were so isolated that the plague made little progress. Larger cities were the worst off, as population densities and close living quarters made disease transmission easier. Cities were also infested with lice, fleas and rats, and subject to diseases related to malnutrition and poor hygiene. The influx of new citizens facilitated the movement of the plague between communities, and contributed to the longevity of the plague within larger communities. Bremen in Germany lost almost 7,000 of its 12,000 inhabitants. The prosperous city of Florence, Italy, may have lost 40,000 of it s nearly 90,000 inhabitants. Nearby Siena probably lost two-thirds of its urban population. Paris, the largest city north of the Alps, lost more than 50,000 of its 180,000 inhabitants. Most major cities were quickly forced to create mass graveyards where the dead could be buried. Many towns and villages lost almost all of their populations, and some eventually disappeared altogether. Larger towns declined drastically, as their workforces and merchant classes either died or fled. European population only began to grow again in the last decades of the 15th century. The precise demographic impact of the disease in the Middle East is impossible to calculate. Mortality was particularly high in rural areas. Many surviving rural people fled, leaving their fields and crops, and entire rural provinces are recorded as being totally depopulated. Surviving records in some cities reveal a devastating number of deaths. The 1348 outbreak in Gaza left an estimated 10,000 people dead, while Aleppo recorded a death rate of 500 a day during the same year. In Damascus, at the diseases peak in September and October 1348, a thousand deaths were recorded every day, with overall mortality estimated at between 25 and 38 percent. Syria lost a total of 400,000 people by the time the epidemic subsided in March 1349. In contrast to some higher mortality estimates in Asia and Europe, scholars believe the mortality rate in the Middle East was less than one-third of the total population, with higher rates in selected areas. The plague did more than just devastate the mediev al population. It caused a substantial change in the economy and society in all areas of the world. Economic historians have concluded that the Black Death began during a recession in the European economy that had been under way since the beginning of the century, and only served to worsen it. Europe had been overpopulated before the plague, and a reduction of thirty percent to fifty percent of the population should have meant less competition for resources. There was more available land and food, and higher wages. The great population loss brought economic changes based on increased social mobility, as depopulation further eroded the peasants already weakened obligations to remain on the land. In Western Europe, the sudden scarcity of cheap labor provided an incentive for landlords to compete for peasants with wages and freedoms, an innovation that, some argue, represents the roots of capitalism. The resulting social upheaval caused the Renaissance and even Reformation. In many ways the Black Death improved the situation of surviving peasants. In Western Europe, because of the shortage of labor, they were in more demand and had more power. Because of the reduced population, there was more fertile land available. However, the benefits would not be fully realized until 1470, nearly 120 years later, when overall population levels finally began to rise again. The death of so many people concentrated wealth in the hands of survivors. In many cases, those workers who remained alive could earn up to five times what they had earned before the plague. In the towns, plague had the effect of consolidating wealth somewhat, especially among the middle class. The drop in population was accompanied by a corresponding rise in per capita wealth. There where large increases in spending in the towns at this time. Profits, however, for property owners and merchants declined as they found themselves having to pay higher wages and getting less when they sold their products. Property owners tried to collect higher fees from tenant farmers as a way to increase declining incomes. Higher payments to landowners and legal limitations on the rights of some peasants were implied. Economic and political unrest occurred in most parts of Europe during the second half of the 14th century. The Black Death changed religion drastically. The old religious moorings were weakened. Many believed the wrath of God seemed to be raining upon earth. Symptoms of mass neurosis appeared. Some people sought refuge in merriment or luxury and self-indulgence. Others became preoccupied with grisly subjects. Inspired by Black Death, Danse Macabre (Dance of Death) is an allegory consisting of the personified death leading a row of dancing figures from all walks of life to the grave. They were typically with an emperor, king, pope, monk, youngster, and beautiful girl, all in skeleton-state. They were produced to remind people of how fragile their lives were and how vain the glories of earthly life were on the universality of death. Many frantically performed the Dance of Death in cemeteries, while others secretly celebrated the Black Mass, mimicking religion in a mad desire to appease the devil. The Black Death led to cynicism toward religious officials who could not keep their frequent pr omises of curing plague victims and banishing the disease. No one, the Church included, was able to cure or even explain the plague. In fact, most thought it spread somehow through air. This increased doubting of the clergy. Pope Clement VI reigned during the plague years in Europe during a time when the papacy was based in Avignon, France. This period in papal history, known as the Babylonian Captivity to its detractors, was a concurrent cause of the peoples lack of faith in the Catholic Church. The Avignon popes were seen as having subordinated themselves to the French monarchy and their ineffectiveness regarding the Black Death only compounded the common mans disillusionment. Extreme alienation with the church culminated in support for different religious groups such as the Order of Flagellants, which grew tremendously during the opening years of the Black Death angering church and political officials greatly. Flagellants practiced self-flogging to atone for sins. Its members wen t into the streets, two by two, beating each other with chains and whips. Flagellants traveled from town to town and were often looked upon as spreaders of the disease. The Black Death hit the monasteries very hard because of their close quarters and their kindness in helping the sick. There was a severe shortage of clergy after the epidemic cycle. This resulted in a mass influx of new clergy members, most of whom did not share the life-long convictions and experiences of the veterans they replaced. The result was abuses by the clergy in the years afterwards and a further deterioration of the position of the Church in the eyes of the people. The Black Death had an effect on the arts. After 1350 European culture in general turned very morbid. The general mood was one of pessimism, and the arts turned dark with representations of death. Both sculptors and painters began to portray the dead and dying, as well as images of death and the grim reaper. Peoples attitudes towards music and art changed as they began to see the depression surrounding them. The horrific nature of the Black Death was reflected in the realistic depictions of human suffering and carnage as well as the symbolic use of the skeleton. In Giovanni Boccaccios Decameron, a group of young people fleeing the plague takes refuge in a house outside of Florence where they entertain each other with colorful and irreverent stories. While these stories are often seen as a rejection of traditional medieval values, Boccaccio himself was critical of those who abandoned relatives and friends in the face of the plague. Like the artists of the day, Boccaccio continued to h old traditional social and religious values. The primary impact of the Black Death on painting and sculpture was the willingness of the newly rich to invest in religious art for churches and chapels. These contributions were often made in gratitude for being spared the plague, or with the hope of preventing future infection. The science of alchemy was also affected by the plague. As a specialty and method of treatment, it was considered the norm for most scientists and doctors prior and during the Black Death. However, after the plague had taken its toll, the practice of alchemy slowly began to wane. The citizenry began to realize that, in most cases, it did not affect the progress of the epidemic and that some of the potions and cures used by many doctors throughout Christendom and the Islamic world only helped to worsen the condition of the sick. Because the stench of decaying bodies from those who had succumbed to the plague was so noxious, many thought that the plague was spread via the atmosphere and so used pungent scents hoping to keep it away. Scents such as pine and rosemary were burned like incense or processed into oils in which handkerchiefs were dipped and placed over the mouth and nose. Church bells were chimed in a futile bid to ward off the plague. Merchants sold charms and spells to ward off the plague. Rumors that claimed a person had done or worn something particular to survive led to the newest fad to prevent or cure the disease. Liquor, originally made by alchemists, was commonly applied as a remedy for the Black Death, and as a result the popularity and consumption of liquor in Europe rose dramatically after the plague. The Black Death was a historical event of great magnitude, and one with many consequences. The indirect influences on history are significant and give rise too many speculations on what might have happened had there been no Black Death. The impact of plague was greater on England than any other European country. The Black Death struck such a blow to the already weakened feudal system that it lost much of its meaning within two generations and had entirely disappeared within 150 years. On the European continent, the system was more rigid and lingered on for centuries, giving way year by year in one country after another to monarchy and other forms of government. The Black Death greatly accelerated social and economic change during the 14th and 15th centuries. It also led to peasant uprisings in many parts of Europe, such as France (the Jacquerie rebellion) and in Italy (the Ciompi rebellion, which swept the city of Florence). One of the groups that suffered the most was the Christian church. It lost prestige, spiritual authority, and leadership over the people. The church promised cures, treatment, and an explanation for the plague. They said it was Gods will, but the reason for this awful punishment was unknown. People wanted answers, but the priests and bishops did not have any. Many of the clergy abandoned their Christian duties and fled. People prayed to God and begged for forgiveness. After the plague ended, angry and frustrated villagers started to revolt against the church. The survivors were also enraged at doctors, who said they could cure patients but did not. Soon after the last eruption of the Black Death, the views on children also changed. Although carrying on the family name was still considered important, the birth rate dropped. Children were considered not worth the trouble to rise since they would probably die anyway. It took four hundred years before Europes population equaled the pre-Black Death figures. The demand for agricultural workers ga ve survivors a new bargaining power. Workers formerly bound to the land could now travel and command higher wages for their services. In addition, people left rural areas and migrated to cities for higher wages. The economic structure of land-based wealth shifted. Portable wealth in the form of money, skills, and services emerged. Small towns and cities grew while large estates and manors began to collapse. The very social, economic, and political structure of Europe was forever altered. One tiny insect, a flea, toppled feudalism and changed the course of history in Europe.

A Womens Quest in The Odyssey, A Room Of Ones Own, and Northanger Abb

A Women's Quest in The Odyssey, A Room Of One's Own, and Northanger Abbey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A quest is a tale that celebrates how one can cleverly and resolutely rise superior to all opposition.   Yet as fresh prospectives on history now suggest,   in this search for freedom and order,   the masculine craving for adventure, demanded restrictions upon women,   forcing her into deeper confinement, even within her limited province.   Thus the rights of a man are separated by the expectancies of a woman.  Ã‚   Each subsequent story deals with a search for truth that is hidden by the facades of social convention.  Ã‚   This search is often hampered by the conventions that are part of the outside and inside domain.   For a female's quest is best displayed in the sphere of domestic life, which drastically diminishes her diversity of action, compared to men who are expected to live public, successful lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Homeric journey for males is a physical adventure in the external world. Odysseus is a man who pursues his objective against all opposition.   He absolutely refuses to give in,   whatever happens to him en route for home.  Ã‚   Constantly, he reinforces the principle that will guide him throughout his struggles:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "For if some god batters me far   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   out on the wine-blue water, I will endure it,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   keeping a stubborn spirit inside of me,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   for already I have suffered much and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   done much hard work..." (The Odyssey   9. 12-16) So the hero of The Odyssey displays the manifold ability to overcome beings of all kinds, one after the other.   Always he comes to fore as the master, and by his extraordinary greatness,... ...t intensive of adventures,   is to tear the guise of alien. Thus we may learn a fresh respect for courage and why so much is necessary.   Only then can we appreciate how gallant, how witty and yet how compassionate that quest was. Works Cited and Consulted Austen, Jane.   Northanger Abbey, Oxford World's Classics, 1998. Benstock, Shari, ed.   Feminist Zssues in Literary Scholarship. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1987. Crane, Gregory , Calypso: Backgrounds and Conventions of the Odyssey,   Frankfurt, Athenaeum 1988 Delany, Sheila. Writing Women: Women Writers and Women in Literature: Medieval to Modern. New York: Schocken, 1983. Homer (Translated by Robert Fagles. Preface by Bernard Knox). The Odyssey. New York: Viking Penguin, div. of Penguin Books, Ltd. 1996. Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One's Own. 1929. New York: Harvest-Harcourt, 1989. A Women's Quest in The Odyssey, A Room Of One's Own, and Northanger Abb A Women's Quest in The Odyssey, A Room Of One's Own, and Northanger Abbey   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A quest is a tale that celebrates how one can cleverly and resolutely rise superior to all opposition.   Yet as fresh prospectives on history now suggest,   in this search for freedom and order,   the masculine craving for adventure, demanded restrictions upon women,   forcing her into deeper confinement, even within her limited province.   Thus the rights of a man are separated by the expectancies of a woman.  Ã‚   Each subsequent story deals with a search for truth that is hidden by the facades of social convention.  Ã‚   This search is often hampered by the conventions that are part of the outside and inside domain.   For a female's quest is best displayed in the sphere of domestic life, which drastically diminishes her diversity of action, compared to men who are expected to live public, successful lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Homeric journey for males is a physical adventure in the external world. Odysseus is a man who pursues his objective against all opposition.   He absolutely refuses to give in,   whatever happens to him en route for home.  Ã‚   Constantly, he reinforces the principle that will guide him throughout his struggles:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "For if some god batters me far   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   out on the wine-blue water, I will endure it,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   keeping a stubborn spirit inside of me,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   for already I have suffered much and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   done much hard work..." (The Odyssey   9. 12-16) So the hero of The Odyssey displays the manifold ability to overcome beings of all kinds, one after the other.   Always he comes to fore as the master, and by his extraordinary greatness,... ...t intensive of adventures,   is to tear the guise of alien. Thus we may learn a fresh respect for courage and why so much is necessary.   Only then can we appreciate how gallant, how witty and yet how compassionate that quest was. Works Cited and Consulted Austen, Jane.   Northanger Abbey, Oxford World's Classics, 1998. Benstock, Shari, ed.   Feminist Zssues in Literary Scholarship. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1987. Crane, Gregory , Calypso: Backgrounds and Conventions of the Odyssey,   Frankfurt, Athenaeum 1988 Delany, Sheila. Writing Women: Women Writers and Women in Literature: Medieval to Modern. New York: Schocken, 1983. Homer (Translated by Robert Fagles. Preface by Bernard Knox). The Odyssey. New York: Viking Penguin, div. of Penguin Books, Ltd. 1996. Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One's Own. 1929. New York: Harvest-Harcourt, 1989.

Knowledge & Understanding questions Essay

1.1 Describe a range of causes of dementia syndrome ANSWER Neurodegenerative diseases is a common cause of dementia which mean that the brain cells known at the neurons either are degenerating therefore the neuron die off quicker which will lead to a more decline in the person mental health such as memory, language and sometimes their physical abilities all depending on which area of the brain is infected. Dementia affects the brain and the loss of function of the brain in such a way that the things we normally take for granted, for example our ability to remember things (time, date, events, to use language all of these things begin to disappear. Also there are more causes of dementia caused by depression, brain tumours, thyroid hormone, and head injuries. Some of these causes of dementia can also be dementia –like conditions which may be treatable or non-progressive. These neurodegenerative diseases are known to us as Alzheimer’s fronto temporal dementia, and Lewy bodies are where over time a build up of abnormal protein deposits in the brain cause the gradual change and damage to the neurons which will cause the shrinkage of the brain. 1.2 Describe the types of memory impairment commonly experienced by individuals with dementia ANSWER Dementia is a collection of symptoms including memory loss, personality change, and impaired intellectual functions resulting from disease or trauma to the brain. These changes are not part of normal ageing and are severe enough to impact daily living skills, independence, and relationships, while Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia, there are also many other forms, including vascular and mixed dementia. Common signs and symptoms of dementia may include: Memory loss Impaired judgement Difficulties with abstract thinking Faulty reasoning Inappropriate behaviour Loss or communication skills Disorientation to time and place Gait, motor and balance problems Neglect of personal care and safety Hallucinations, paranoia, agitation. The most common forms of mental decline associated with ageing are: Slower thinking and problem solving Decreased attention and concentration Slower recall As the dementia progresses the individual ability to look after themselves from day to day may also become affected. 1.3 Explain the way that individuals process information with reference to the abilities and limitations of individuals with dementia ANSWER The working of the brain are very complex, the human brain is made up of around 100 billion cells, main these cells are called neurons. If the neurons is switched off is resting when it is switched on it fires electrical impulses along its body known as the axon. Some people with dementia often confuse things, this may be very distressing for their family or carers, but can be called as a natural aspect of their memory loss. An individual with dementia may be trying to interpret a world that no longer makes sense to them that because them brain is processing the information incorrectly. An individual with dementia may receive care from a provider who does not maintain a good standard of continuity with their staff, for a person with dementia it is very important as they must become familiar with  the people who care for them to gain trust and familiarity with their daily routine. Communication could not be structured correctly for the person who causes confusion and lack of understanding as they are unable to comprehend what is expected of them. Infections, change of medication, change of environment, pain and stress, social skills, understanding and interaction levels may decrease or fluctuate. However an individual process the information in different ways therefore depending on their abilities will depend on their limitations as suffering with Dementia. 1.4 Explain how other factors can cause changes in an individual’s condition that may not be attributable to dementia ANSWER Change of diet, environment, and medication can cause changes in an individual condition; in spite of the fact experiencing a loss of reduction in memory does not mean always indicate a form of dementia. There are many other conditions which could affect an individual health which can be a difference between dementia, depression and confusional state. Sensory changes due to age related degeneration example macular degeneration and cataracts affecting vision, loss of hearing and increase of tinnitus affecting balance, reduced metabolism causing poor appetite. The part of the brain which was affected will determine how the person will be affected. Some condition that may affect the memory are listed below: Brain injury- which can be caused by an external trauma such as a blow to the head or internal factors such as a result of a stroke or aneurism. Brain tumour – a tumour of the brain can be benign (slow growing, non cancerous) or malignant Medication – some prescription medication can have side effects which can affect somebody’s memory. Diet – some foods can have an effect on a person’s memory. Stress –is the emotional and physical strain caused by individual’s response to pressure from the outside world. Stress can affect an individual’s health in many ways, including memory difficulties. 1.5 Explain why the abilities and needs of an individual with dementia may fluctuate ANSWER Each individual may experience dementia in different ways. There is no definitive direction or path that the condition will follow and there are no exact timescales in which the condition may progress. Somebody with dementia can have â€Å"good days† and â€Å"bad days†. Believed all depends on how we are feeling, how much sleep we have had, and what activity we are doing and how much we want to do that activity. On the other hand changes that may occur in their day to day life, changes of people (changes of carers on a regular basis), therefore not being consistent in a routine programme. 2.1 Describe the impact of early diagnosis and follow up to diagnosis ANSWER Generally speaking for most people receiving the diagnosis of dementia is very distressing, also can be very upsetting for their loves one. Many people in nowadays still, think of dementia as being a condition which causes people to go â€Å"crazy†. When supporting somebody who is exhibiting any signs or symptoms of forgetfulness, confusion or the inability to find the right words when communicating, it is important that they see their GP. In the early stages diagnosis can be difficult to make as the symptoms of dementia can develop slowly, also the symptoms can be similar to symptoms of other health condition. The early diagnosis of dementia is essential in order to: Rule out other conditions that may be treatable Access advice, information and support Allow the person with dementia and their family to plan and make arrangements for the future. Although there is not cure at the present, there are various medications available which can help improve symptoms and possibly to slow down the progression of disease. Following diagnosis, an individual may want to live as independently as they can. In order to aid a person to self look after themselves, the individual could place a list of important telephone numbers by their phone, labels also could be placed on cupboards doors to  remind them of the contents. However the quality of life, fear, feeling lack of control, loss of dignity, loss of identity, invasion of privacy, fear or losing own home, inability to communicate needs and preferences, loss of friends , increased risk of falls, nutrition, personal hygiene all of these factors are playing a huge impact in an individual life diagnosed with dementia. 2.2 Explain the importance of recording possible signs or symptoms of dementia in an individual in line with agreed ways of working ANSWER The recording signs or symptoms of dementia in an individual day by day life can be made, depends of the policies and procedures of the company such as verbal, written, electronic, accurate, timely, and confidential reporting. When monitoring somebody’s condition, it is important to record any findings in line with the organisation’s policies and procedures. The following areas area those which it is very important to monitor and record in the person, as these will show what changes have occurred and over what period: Memory Behaviour Personality Ability to cope with daily living skills Care- giving strategies Activities that person enjoys Any medication that they have taken that day Below are shown some key points in importance of recording: To obtain specific facts about health, personal matters To measure accurately the individual needs To ensure health and safety of all involved To accurately record the action agreed To ensure nutrition needs are accurately met To make sure hygiene needs are met Follow the Smart model( specific, measurable, realistic and time based) to be  sure the individuals family and carers have their needs met. 2.3 Explain the process of reporting possible signs of dementia within agreed ways of working ANSWER The diagnosis of dementia does not always occur from the first visit to GP. Generally there is a process in which the person goes through in order to receive a definitive diagnosis. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence has advised guidelines in supporting people with dementia, where the early diagnosis of dementia it is included. The person history A cognitive and mental state examination A physical examination A review of all medication including over the counter remedies To report a concern, the organisation’s guidelines and procedures have to be followed, usually most reports are given to a designated member of staff, this may be line manager, supervisor or manager, always try to avoid by giving the personal opinion. Also agreed ways of working may be: Medical diagnosis Referral pathway Diagnosis tests Profiling Observation Care planning Review Follow up Continuation of care 2.4 Describe the possible impact of receiving a diagnosis of dementia on: A) The individual B) Their family and friends ANSWER The impact on the person and their family receiving a diagnosis of dementia can vary, some may see it as a relief that the cause if their difficulties has been diagnosed while others may be in disbelief, preferring not to acknowledge what they have been told. Impact on the individual: Confusion Shock Frightened Denial of failings Disorientation Trying to construct sense of meaning into the situation Destruction of hope Loss of future goals May have to retire early Financial implications May need to stop driving Loss of socialisation Whatever feeling the diagnosis creates in the person, you should encourage and support them to talk about their feelings. Impact on family and friends: Loss of socialisation Increased stress levels Feeling of guilt Need to balance commitments Anger Loss of financial support/ increased financial needs Fear Feeling embarrassed The individual’s family and friends should respect the wishes of their loved one. 3.1 Compare a person-centred and a non-person-centred approach to dementia care ANSWER When an individual been diagnosed with dementia it is important to bear in mind that people with dementia are individuals first, with their condition of dementia coming second. They may also be mothers, fathers, brothers, sisters, sons or daughters. Person-centred care is a way of providing care with the person at the centre of everything you do, or another way of describing it is individualised care- care that is given to the person according their needs, wishes, beliefs and preferences. Studies have shown that a person-centred approach can help reduce agitation in the person with dementia where the agitation is often causes by the person’s frustration in not being able to express themselves . Recognising individuality Enabling choices Enabling social relationships Valuing the individual Providing the opportunity for stimulation Inclusion Looking at the person a s unified whole Once a person needs have been identified, plans should be made to draw up a support plan which will describe how those needs will be met. Nothing should be planned for the individuals for them without them. A non person-centred approach can be identify such as: Dictating form of care to be used Not recognising the individual’s uniqueness and needs Exclusion Lack of choice Not allowing participation in decision making Not allowing the individual to exercise their rights Responding to behaviour rather than looking at the unified whole Not empowering the individual 3.2 Describe a range of different techniques that can be used to meet the fluctuating abilities and needs of the individual with dementia ANSWER Many people with dementia are able to live in their own homes for most their lives with care being given to them by their families. As a carer or support for those suffering with dementia, must focus on the skills and abilities that the person has, rather those that they have lost. Ensure that they are fully aware of and respect the person’s background, their history, likes and dislikes. Be prepared for changes and adapt flexible approach. Not every day may be the same in supporting people with dementia. By learning about each individual ‘history and background, can be designed the care and the type of support provided around their specific needs. Ensure that individual’s support plan is kept as up to date as possible and shows alternative methods to use for various fluctuations in their support needs, share the information with the rest of the carers., provide a stable environment and suitable surroundings as one of the main triggers resulting in somebody with dementia becoming agitated and confused is a change in their routine. To ensure stability it is important to : Have consistent, regular staff, unfamiliar faces can cause the person great upset Maintain a familiar environment, if there some new decorations needs to be undertaken try to make the new decor similar if not the same as it was previously. Ensure that the individual is in a non stressful, constant and familiar environment Establish a regular routine regular physical activity and adequate exposure to light and improve any sleep disturbances.

Free Essays on Jewish Sects

JEWISH SECTS A Response Paper on â€Å"Three Jewish Sects and the Intertestament Period† Sharondah Duckett Southern Christian University In determining how to best respond to the sects present I had to do ask, which question presented one needs to consider the significant purpose behind the sects. Based on the research, and the effectiveness of the answered questions the three sects chosen where Pharisees, Sadducees, and Zealots. Williams says, â€Å"The rise of the Jewish sects is traceable to the impact of Hellenism on the life and the culture of the Near East. Each Sects individual development, philosophy, and history has its own foundation. Although, you can compare and contrast, that of the Pharisees and Sadducees within Intertestament period they still have separated philosophy. The Pharisees were, along with Sadducees where two of the three haereseis (â€Å"schools of thought†) that flourished among the Jews from the time of Jonathan the Hasmonean (d.143/2 B.C.E.) until the destruction of the second Temple in 70 C.E., according to Josephus Flavius. There are two different accounts about how the Pharisees and Sadducees came about. Williams, describes their history of Pharisees as being as early as â€Å"Hasidim, conservatives, sticklers for the Law and the traditions of the elders, believers in the angels, spirits, and the resurrection from the dead, ceremonial purity, and moral separateness†. He gives in to account also that â€Å"Hellenists, the priestly aristocracy of worldly-minded liberals became known as Sadducees† Meanwhile, the Jewish historian Josephus says, â€Å"The beginning of the Pharisees and the Sadducees not precisely known.† Josephus indicates, that â€Å"at the time of John Hyrcanus I (later half of the second century B.C.E.) The Pharisees had already formed an influential body.† The Sadducees, are first mentioned by the writings of Josephus in which he indicates â€Å"the Sadducees opposed the Pharisees i... Free Essays on Jewish Sects Free Essays on Jewish Sects JEWISH SECTS A Response Paper on â€Å"Three Jewish Sects and the Intertestament Period† Sharondah Duckett Southern Christian University In determining how to best respond to the sects present I had to do ask, which question presented one needs to consider the significant purpose behind the sects. Based on the research, and the effectiveness of the answered questions the three sects chosen where Pharisees, Sadducees, and Zealots. Williams says, â€Å"The rise of the Jewish sects is traceable to the impact of Hellenism on the life and the culture of the Near East. Each Sects individual development, philosophy, and history has its own foundation. Although, you can compare and contrast, that of the Pharisees and Sadducees within Intertestament period they still have separated philosophy. The Pharisees were, along with Sadducees where two of the three haereseis (â€Å"schools of thought†) that flourished among the Jews from the time of Jonathan the Hasmonean (d.143/2 B.C.E.) until the destruction of the second Temple in 70 C.E., according to Josephus Flavius. There are two different accounts about how the Pharisees and Sadducees came about. Williams, describes their history of Pharisees as being as early as â€Å"Hasidim, conservatives, sticklers for the Law and the traditions of the elders, believers in the angels, spirits, and the resurrection from the dead, ceremonial purity, and moral separateness†. He gives in to account also that â€Å"Hellenists, the priestly aristocracy of worldly-minded liberals became known as Sadducees† Meanwhile, the Jewish historian Josephus says, â€Å"The beginning of the Pharisees and the Sadducees not precisely known.† Josephus indicates, that â€Å"at the time of John Hyrcanus I (later half of the second century B.C.E.) The Pharisees had already formed an influential body.† The Sadducees, are first mentioned by the writings of Josephus in which he indicates â€Å"the Sadducees opposed the Pharisees i...

How to Motivate Your Characters

How to Motivate Your Characters How to Motivate Your Characters How to Motivate Your Characters By Mark Nichol You are like unto a god, because you have the omnipotence to create literary characters. But as we all know from watching Sam Raimi’s Spider-Man, with great power comes great responsibility. This is the greatest of yours: Before you endow your creations with any other attributes, they must have motivations. Just as actors need to determine what it is their characters want in each scene of a play or a movie, book or short story characters must have one or more needs that drive them at all times. And, in the same way that actors do not necessarily explicitly express their characters’ desires, though they are the origin of all that the characters do, you must convey the compulsions of your characters not in exposition but in behavior. Actors often invent back stories for their characters autobiographical information they never share with anyone that helps them comprehend the people they portray. Benefit from their example: Examine the lives of your characters, and understand how they got to be the way they are now. That is what propels them to say and do the things they do in your story. Speaking of autobiography, the easiest way to create a character, of course, is to pattern it on yourself. But it doesn’t take a great leap of effort to produce a personality that is much different than yours. A character need not share the same desires (and fears) you do, but you can apply them to the character’s own drives. He or she doesn’t have to have the same ethnic and socioeconomic background, the same family dynamics, or the same educational and professional experiences, but you can draw on those elements of your life to develop someone who is quite distinct from you. Your main character is the foundation of your story, and his or her motivations are the cement in that foundation that bind that person together, so you must develop the motivations before you do anything else even before you formulate the plot of the story the character inhabits. That may seem counterintuitive, but follow the foundation metaphor: The plot the character inhabits is the house, the place in which everything takes place. But what happens results from what the character does. Only after you decide what your character wants, what your character needs, what your character must have or he or she will die physically or psychologically only then should you discover how he or she is going to go about getting it, and what ramifications that will have for the wider world and the other people who inhabit it. And notice I haven’t said anything about the character’s appearance, personality, or habits. Motivation drives each of those aspects to some extent, too, so motivation comes first. I’ll get to the trappings another time. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Incorrect Pronunciations That You Should AvoidTime Words: Era, Epoch, and Eon40 Synonyms for Praise

Scheduling and project management (pert and cpm SLP Assignment

Scheduling and project management (pert and cpm SLP - Assignment Example Typically, projects are part of organizations and their accomplishments largely depend on the organizational structure, style of management, culture and systems applied towards the same (Vanhoucke, 2012). In this paper, the analysis shall be based on the effects that project management has on the various departments of Wal-Mart, being that it is an organization of choice in this particular study. There are numerous divisions in the organization that varies from Finance, Marketing, Human Resources Management, Production, and Accounting among others. In a broader scale, most organizations have been known to have opted to adopt the benchmarking practices used in the production as being applied by Wal-Mart. The core aspect for the understanding of Wal-Mart Inc.’s application of project management is in relation to its own benchmarking practices that are widely used to define the prospects for a project in the respective department. Currently, based on the large operational base covered by the company in its distribution of its products to different markets would indicate that any changes that might be applied to a particular department would need to be done in line with the benchmarking techniques put in place; hence, an indication of huge undertakings for the project managers in the respective departments. Therefore, every project manager in each of the departments are required clearly to define their goals and make sure that the end results for the respective projects are in line with the organization’s requirements for business. Subsequently, project management has enhanced the process orientation in the various departments by ensuring that there are good project processes put in place and that all the workers in the various departments sufficiently follow the process. Process orientation is a major factor in the determination of the overall

Medieval lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medieval lit - Essay Example 21-23). Plainly, he is upset that the queen is carrying on an affair that everyone knows about, but no one is doing anything about. Obviously, he doesn’t think it is fair to Arthur. In fact, what Guinevere is doing is against the law in more that one way. First, cheating on her husband is committing treason against the king. Second, some of her acts call for Lancelot to lie to the king, which is also unlawful. Setting aside for a moment that adultery is morally wrong, the fact that she displays a lack of ethics, and a disregard for the law is a good insight into the person Guinevere actually is. Instead of the epitome of honor and grace that queen’s of the time usually displayed, Guinevere was a liar, a cheater, and a disgrace to the throne. Guinevere’s actions cause the knights to feel the need to explain to Arthur that his favored knight is a â€Å"traytoure to youre person† (647, l. 32). Hence, they set a trap for Lancelot so that the king would have proof that the two were traitors. The initial problem with the whole set up is that the king, and the knights, have plenty to worry about from outside threats. They shouldn’t have to spend their time setting traps for people who are supposed to be on their side. Another problem is that once caught, the king is forced to do something. In order to save face, and protect his kingdom from people who would think he was weak for excusing traitors, the king would have to take drastic measures against his wife, or his favorite knight. Again, none of this is healthy for a kingdom. Without question, Camelot is worse for hosting Queen Guinevere. After the affair is discovered, Arthur sentences her to die. Technically, this, too, is probably a denegration of the king, since Guinevere’s position (even prior to marrying the Arthur) probably meant that she should have had a trial. Arthur