Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Chemistry - Essay Example The anions and cations can be varied to get the required end product. Ionic liquids have large anions and cations of low symmetry to reduce the lattice energy and reduce the melting point of the salts. Anions contribute towards the functions and chemistry of ILs and cations contribute towards the variable physical properties and stability of ILs (BÃ" §hme 2006). Ionic salts can be simple salts i.e. made up of one type of anion and cation or binary ionic liquids which are a mixture of two salts with varying melting points depending on their composition. Ionic liquids are used to substitute traditional solvents like volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) for their variable properties, low energy inputs and reusability. They are also used to extract various compounds such as metal ions, biomolecules and organosulfurs by using two phase extraction. The most commonly studied systems contain ammonium, phosphonium, sulfonium, pyridinium, imidazolium and pyrrolidinium cations. Common anions include hexafluorophosphate [PF]6-, tetrafluoroborate [BF]4-, bis(trifyl)imide [NTf]2 and chloride, Cl-. Ionic liquids help in minimizing and eliminating waste, improves chemical syntheses and extractions or separations (Holbrey, Turner & Rogers 2003). The reaction solvents are reusable and do not diminish in content which is a major advantage over traditional solvents that are sometimes volatile like the VOC’s. However, the most important feature of these ionic liquids that has led to the great amount of interest in them is the ease with which these can be manipulated to suit the needs of a particular reaction. Most of the properties that are attributed to reaction solvents can be redesigned to reduce or eliminate the losses in solvents and the reaction path can be modified to optimize reactions. This can be useful in recovering and reusing

Critical analysis of issues which influence the quality of teaching, Essay

Critical analysis of issues which influence the quality of teaching, learning and assessment in practice - Essay Example 20). An important aspect of this quality assurance is client satisfaction. Although client satisfaction has been studied widely in hospitals, physician offices, clinics, and other areas of the medical field, little is published regarding client satisfaction in the home care setting. Now it is essential that home care formulate comprehensive, practical, and systematic approaches to evaluate client satisfaction. One approach is the development of reliable and valid client satisfaction survey instruments. These surveys can help home care administrators to evaluate the appropriateness and quality of home care services by identifying client concerns and integrating them into quality assurance activities (Downie, 1998). Surveying patients with headache for their level of satisfaction will provide scientific data for evaluating and modifying health services while providing home care patients with headache with an opportunity to become directly involved in evaluating home care service providers. This article describes nursing research as it explores the domain of client satisfaction with home health nursing in a non-profit home health agency. One purpose of the research was to measure the level of client satisfaction in a sample of home care patients with headache using the Client Satisfaction Survey (CSS) developed by Jarvis, P. and Gibson.S (1997). An additional purpose was to describe the dimensions of the domain of client satisfaction to better define client satisfaction of the home care client. Quality nursing practices need to be based on current knowledge (Francis et al, 2001) and traditional theoretical, text based learning is inadequate to prepare a nursing graduate for the real world (Goode and Krigman, 2001). According to McAllister (1999), â€Å"teachers aim to teach students how to think while students are more motivated to acquire workplace skills.† Nursing graduates can be