What Does It Mean to Have a Type B Personality

What Does It Mean to Have a Type B Personality Theories Personality Psychology Print Are You a Type B Personality? Type B traits can have advantages and challenges By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 06, 2020 More in Theories Personality Psychology Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Type A vs. Type B Definition Are You a Type B? Health Relationships School and Career Living With a Type B Interacting With a Type B View All Back To Top While you are probably familiar with the characteristics of the Type A personality (hard-driving, ambitious, perfectionist), you might not be as familiar with its counterpart, the Type B personality. People with a Type B personality are often described as easy-going, relaxed, and highly flexible. The type B personality is basically the opposite of the type A. Where type A’s are meticulous; type B’s tend to take a much more casual and carefree approach.??  Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin Type A vs. Type B There are many different theories of personality. Some of the most popular ones attempt to categorize personalities into a number of broad types based upon shared characteristics. The Big 5 theory and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator are two well-known examples.?? The Type A and Type B types were first introduced during the 1950s by cardiologists Rosenman and Friedman who were interested in how an individual’s personality might serve as a predictor for heart disease later on in life. As researchers continued to explore this link, they noted that certain clusters of personality traits seemed to have a link to specific physical illnesses. People with type A personality traits such as aggression and competitiveness were found to have a greater risk of developing high blood pressure, heart disease, and related heart complications. People with Type B personalities, on the other hand, had a lower incidence of heart problems. Rosenman and Friedman concluded that type A traits could play a role in the development of heart problems.?? What Does Type B Personality Mean? So what exactly distinguished this type of personality? The type B personality lacks the behaviors typically seen in the A type. It is important to remember that the two types act as a continuum, with people usually leaning either more toward one type over the other. The type B personality is characterized by a set of traits that include:?? FlexibilityLow stress levelsRelaxed attitudeAdaptability to changeEven-temperedLaid-backTendency to procrastinatePatienceCreativity It is important to remember that everyone tends to experience the above traits to some degree from time to time. People with the type B personality, however, exhibit these traits more often than not. You should also know that identifying your personality type is not an attempt at a mental health diagnosis. However, some patterns of traits and behaviors have been linked to physical health. Knowing your type can help you better understand your tendencies, including your potential strengths and weaknesses. How to Know If You’re a Type B Personality The type B personality is often assessed by looking at the exclusion of type A traits. People who are low in characteristics and behaviors that are typical of the type A personality are often then considered a type B. One of the most widely used measures of type A behavior is the Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS). The assessment requires an interviewer to assess the test respondents verbal, nonverbal, and emotional responses. Questions on the assessment focus on three main areas in which the divide between type A and type B behaviors can be clearly observed:  Job involvement, competitiveness, and impatience.?? Type Bs tend to score lower on all three of these areas than do A types. Question to Consider If you are wondering if you might have a type B personality, it can be helpful to ask yourself the following questions:Do you find joy in the journey and enjoy taking the time to complete a task?Do you tend to be a pretty easy-going person?When playing games, are you focused on just having fun?Do you often wait until the last minute to do things?When eating a meal, do you eat slowly and savor every bite?Do you usually tackle tasks one at a time?Are you able to relax when you are away from work?Are you good at maintaining low stress levels?Do you focus more on enjoying an activity or on finishing the task? Health So what sort of health challenges might you need to consider if you have more of a type B personality? One advantage of the this type of personality is that people with this cluster of traits tend to have a lower risk of developing heart disease and high blood pressure. They may also have better immunity because of their lower stress levels and better stress management stills. This does not mean, however, that the type B personality is free from challenges.?? While people with the type B personality are less prone to coronary heart disease, this does not necessarily mean that having this cluster of personality traits confers an automatic protective effect. One issue that people with the type B personality may face is a tendency to take an overly relaxed attitude toward their health. Because they can often be so laid back, they might not be as diligent about maintaining healthy behaviors or staying on top of regular health checkups. Some have suggested that since type A behaviors are more connected to heart problems, there might be some benefit to helping people adopt more of a type B approach. However, doing so could also lead to negative outcomes. If an ambitious, driven, workaholic stopped displaying those stereotypical type A behaviors, it could lead to reduced productivity, decreased job function, and even loss of income. These effects could then negatively impact health by increasing stress levels. Your Personality Type Can Impact Physical and Mental Health Relationships Individuals with type B personalities tend to be warm, supportive, and patient in their relationships with others. They are excellent listeners and are usually very good at getting along with others. Type Bs don’t allow minor problems to get to them, and they are good at keeping a level head even during the most trying of times.?? This tendency to be content can be both a blessing and a curse for the type B personality. Because you are so adaptable and easy-going, you might sometimes accept unfair treatment or situations. Rather than speak up when someone treats you unfairly, you might be inclined to just let it go without causing a stir. As a type B, it is important to learn to stand up for yourself in situations where other people try to take advantage of your accommodating nature. School and Career Having a type B personality can have benefits at school and in the workplace, but it can also present challenges. Some advantages include: Academic achievement: Because type As tend to be so goal-driven and achievement-focused, you might suspect that they would be more likely to pursue challenging degrees in medicine or law. One study found that in a sampling of 500 medical students, only around 10 percent of the participants had a type A personality while the majority (almost 90 percent) had a type B.?? Such results suggest that while type Bs have a more relaxed personality, it does not have a negative impact on their academic potential or achievements.Stress management skills: One major advantage of this personality type is the ability to cope well with stress and pressure. Even when faced with a great deal of stress, type Bs are usually able to maintain a level-headed, optimistic outlook. This can be beneficial in school and later on as people with this personality type enter the workforce.Flexibility: Type Bs also excel at adapting to change. Where individuals with type A personalities tend to be more rigid, type Bs are flexible and capable of dealing with changing or ambiguous situations. Some of the challenges that a type B might encounter in this area include: Perceptions: Because people with this personality type are more laid-back, they can sometimes be perceived as lazy or indifferent. This can make it difficult for some with this personality type to make a good impression while still maintaining their easy-going image. Type Bs may need to make an extra effort to project an image of hard-working professionalism in the workplace.Procrastination: The tendency to procrastinate is one challenge that type B students may need to overcome. Establishing a good study and homework schedule that ensures steady progress toward a goal can be a helpful approach. School and work can impose deadlines, so finding a way to manage your time and get things done when they need to be done can ensure academic and professional success. Living With a Type B Personality Not all type Bs are the same, but there are a few things you can do to help manage aspects of your personality that are characteristic of this type. Use Your Time Well Taking a relaxed attitude toward life can be useful for managing stress most of the time, except when you start letting things go to the point where you feel like you’re always scrambling to catch up. Establishing a more structured schedule can help you stay on task and get things done, allowing you to enjoy the process without the last-minute race to meet deadlines.?? Don’t Put Things Off Because people with this personality type tend to be very relaxed, they are known to procrastinate until the last minute. This can lead to missed deadlines or a last minute rush to get projects completed on time. Avoiding this tendency can help you stay on track and avoid missing important deadlines.?? Let Others See Your Strengths One problem that type Bs often encounter is that others sometimes see them as lazy or inefficient when they are really just working quietly and steadily toward a goal. To make sure that your boss and co-workers see your hard work for what it is, you might need to make an effort to meet type As somewhere in the middle. It might feel like micromanaging, but giving regular updates on your progress will show that you are meeting deadlines on time. Set Goals Type Bs tend to be broad-mindedâ€"they don’t like to set strict schedules or even create limited goals. They are more content to kick back and see where the journey takes them. This can limit their success at times, however, so it can be helpful to create more specific goals.?? Such goals might be more general and long-term than what a type A would set out to achieve, but they can give your type B personality something to work towards. Tips for Interacting With a Type B Personality Even if you are not a type B personality, the chances are good that you know quite a few people with that sort of personality. If you are more of a type A, you might occasionally find the type B approach to life a bit frustrating. This can be particularly true for type A managers working with type B employees. Your approach to work is probably quite a bit differentâ€"more rigid and focusedâ€"while your type B employees have a more laid-back, seemingly messier style of getting things done. This sometimes leads to type Bs being mislabeled as lazy when the truth is that they usually just don’t get the recognition that they deserve for the work they do. Here are some things you should remember when you are interacting with a type B personality: They have a plan, but it’s probably in their heads. Type As like to make detailed plans and to-do lists, but type Bs are more likely to have mental notes of what they need to get done. Just because they don’t have it written down, however, doesn’t mean that they aren’t on track.They work well in groups. Type Bs often do well in group brainstorming sessions where they can share ideas off the top of their heads. People with this personality type are happy to share success with others. The process tends to matter just as much as the outcome, so they usually enjoy being creative and exploring their options. Collaboration offers a way to be innovative and work with other like-minded individuals.They don’t like to be rushed. Type Bs are not focused on making sure that every single moment is accounted for and that maximum efficiency is ensured. They need time and space to work on projects at their own pace. A Word From Verywell It is important to remember that the Type A/B approach is just one way of thinking about personality. This approach also tends to be a fairly broad and imprecise way of classifying personality types. Other theories of personality typically break down personality further into a number of broad dimensions that include such traits and conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness.?? Why Learning More About Your Personality Type Can Benefit Your Life

I Am Volunteering For The D.a.r.e Program - 900 Words

Throughout my life I’ve been involved with many activities within my community. From volunteering to serving mass at my local church to helping with the little kids at mustard seeds. Personally, my best involvement would be volunteering for the D.A.R.E program. The D.A.R.E program is a ten week program teaching the kids the dangers of drugs, tobacco, and alcohol. We learn how to make good decisions and how to handle with peer pressure. I started D.A.R.E camp when I was in 3rd grade. I was the youngest there, but I loved it. I started going because my father is a cop and he worked for the program. D.A.R.E camp is a three day camp. Its at our Jefferson Elementary school. Its for grades 4th-7th. I’ve been apart of the program for 6 years†¦show more content†¦The others will stay back for a little bit and play games. Every game they play is determined on how many points you get as a team. You would want to strive for a lot of points because at the end of camp the team with the most points wins first place. The second day, all the teams go swimming at the Delphos swimming pool. It’s kinda early in the morning so the water is usually cold, but we all get over it and go swimming anyways. Well most of us, I typically don’t because of how cold it is. But anyway at the pool we also play more games to earn more points. For example, we have categories: fastest swimmer, best trick, and biggest splash. Every team would compete in that. After everyone was finished we would get all of our stuff ready to walk back to the school. The last day of camp is always the best. Everyone would hop onto the busses and head on out to the kangaroo cave located in lima. All the teams would just go have fun and jump on the inflatables, and when that s over we would go back to the school to get our awards. Every youth leader and adult leader would get a prize including a gift card to buffalo wild wings and a car wash card. All the younger kids would have their names in a drawing and win other cool prizes. After everyone was done we would go outside. As were all waiting in suspense for the fire trucks to come. And when they did it was game on. Huge water fight between everyone involved with the camp. That wasShow MoreRelatedMy Passion Is Law Enforcement1905 Words   |  8 Pageslaw enforcement, I love watching the activity on â€Å"cops† getting criminals off the street. I first got into law enforcement as a kid, the D.A.R.E program in 5th grade inspired me, to help people to not do drugs. The TV show â€Å"copsâ₠¬  really got my attention of how much they do to help the community. When I watch â€Å"cops or CSI†, I get completely sucked into the show and enjoy learning how evidence is gathered, processed and presented in court. I love law enforcement not only because I enjoy watching cop

The Death Of Love - Original Writing - 957 Words

Stirring, Serena instantly noticed something was wrong; something felt different She could not feel his strong muscly arms over her lover around her, she could not even feel the warmth of his body near her and it left feeling a little discontent. She fully remembered being half-awake and his warm body pressing against her back as his arms wrapped around her; embracing her tightly upon returning from his late shift. She recalled mumbles words of love, and his sudden snoring soon after he drifted off to sleep. Her lover did not live with Serena, but she insisted he come over; they had been dating for just over five months - they did not plan it, it just rather happened and neither could place a finger on the exact moment. However, once united together they became a truly formidable couple and most of the time inseparable; they thrived off each other in many ways. 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Church Pays Tribute to a Man Whose Home Was Its Steps Free Essays

A vast majority of people are of the idea that homeless people should struggle to get a job, and that they are homeless because they are lazy. The reality is different from what is commonly thought. No one becomes homeless by choice. We will write a custom essay sample on Church Pays Tribute to a Man Whose Home Was Its Steps or any similar topic only for you Order Now There may be a thousand reasons as to why a person is homeless. Instead of criticism, long-term assistance by those who can provide guidance is required. It is a fact that runaway criminals may disguise themselves as homeless, but not all homeless are criminals. Another misconception is that all homeless people are alcoholics or drug abusers. This again is a misunderstanding. The reality is that this can happen to any one of us at any stage in life, as there is no intention or will involved in becoming homeless. At the same time it is a fact that these homeless are in continuous struggle to carry on with their life, facing problems in abundance. A few things should be kept in mind before helping this class of society. Instead of helping them in the form of money, the society should help them with things they need. Helping a homeless by buying for him his breakfast is better than giving him money to buy that breakfast himself. The reason is that many homeless are involved in unlawful activities or addicted to drugs and if money is given directly, the result is more drug addiction instead of satiety. Shelter is another problem, especially in the winter season. Provision of health services to the homeless is a challenge for the medical community. Those who are addicted to drugs, or are affected by an illness need to be managed properly. Just like the common people, these homeless have needs which in a sense are special to these homeless. It is not only the responsibility of the government to cater for these need, but the society is also under obligation to share this responsibility, for improving the living conditions of the homeless. Question 1: What kind of intervention, if any, would be appropriate here? The self-destructive behavior of Arthur Cafiero was perhaps promoted by his loneliness. A lot of people were around him, but perhaps he never felt close enough to anyone to share what he wanted, or simply to share the problems he was facing. His intentions for suicide were not taken seriously. Who knows why was he willing to commit suicide? Was he affected by a psychiatric disease? Depression? Or was it a feeling of being useless for anyone or doing anything? An attempt to look for the root cause of his problems was the first thing that should have been done. Justifying one’s death by saying that he was willing to die, clearly implies that no one showed interest in knowing the cause of his problems. He was offered shelter, but he refused it. Good counseling by an expert mental health care physician would have shown better results. Refusal can be converted to acceptance by letting a person realize that what is being offered to him, is nothing else but his own need which should be fulfilled under all conditions. Question 2: Do you agree with what Mr. Brashear says about Arthur Cafieros choices? Why or why not? Arthur Cafieros appears to be the kind of person who is very much limited to himself. He has a complicated personality. On one hand he dislikes taking favors by refusing to take shelter, but on the other hand he returns the burger saying it has less amount of meat. It appears that Mr. Cafieros is not clear about his preferences. Showing resistance against police officer’s actions may mean he was afraid of their actions or that he had no trust in them. Taking an action that defends one’s right does not make him proud as Mr. Brashear mentioned in his words. It might be his love for justice and an attempt to keep this matter in his control. Reference Newman, A. (2003). `Church Pays Tribute to a Man Whose Home Was Its Steps.` The New York Times. How to cite Church Pays Tribute to a Man Whose Home Was Its Steps, Papers

Professional Learning Report Mathematics free essay sample

EDP136 Mathematics Education Assessment 1: Professional Learning Report Week 4 Submission - Topics 1 and 2 Section 1: Identify, describe and apply effective teaching strategies for teaching mathematics. Section 2: Like so many things in life, the methods of teaching have also evolved. Traditionally, teachers instructed students in the course material rather than encourage students to be constructive and think for themselves. The readings in the allocated text suggest a teaching and learning strategy or method known as, ‘constructivism. This method has proven to be most successful to impart knowledge to children in the learning environment (Fetherston, 2006, pp. 151-174). - The constructivist teacher acts as a mediator or a coach who assists students to develop and assess their own understanding and learning. Constructivism has been shown to have various benefits, including ownership of learning, the ability to transfer learned constructivist principles to other situations, and the promotion of social and communication skills (Wilson, 2004). After analysing the selected readings, one may strongly agree that mathematics is like learning another language. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Learning Report Mathematics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is such a broad vocabulary of specific terms, number formulas, times-tables and volume and area equations. With effective and accessible assistance, students will be able to learn the challenging and puzzling subject in a more enjoyable and timely manner. Students learn and become familiarized with the mathematical language through discussion, which will assist them develop a deeper understanding, analysis and express ideas and adapt to new ways of thinking (Booker et al, 2010). It is critical for students to understand the importance of the mathematical language as this will support teachers in assisting students come to terms with new mathematical concepts. Section 3: The effective primary teacher must continually seek to improve their knowledge and understanding of the subjects they teach, embrace new methods of teaching and knowledge of their student’s capabilities in order to become exceptional. Effective teachers strive to create the best possible conditions for learning and continually endeavour to make learning as easy as possible for students (Ayers, Sawyer Dinham as cited in Killen 2005). A constructivist teacher will produce a classroom environment that will provide meaningful learning experiences, allowing students to hypothesize, manipulate, pose questions, do research, investigate, imagine and create. Students will use these experiences, information and perceptions to construct knowledge and meaning (Fetherston, 2006, pp. 151-174). - Children learn best through play and teachers can assist student relate to real life situations by implementing fun and motivating learning activities. Some of these constructivist methods can be as simple as grouping students together to scaffold their learning. The constructivist teacher demonstrates, instead of simply giving the answer. The process of finding a solution is taught to students, increasing learning and understanding (Booker, 2010) Maths has a specific vocabulary. â€Å"Language is crucial to the learning of mathematics because it is through discussion that learners come to terms with mathematical ideas, develop ways of expressing concepts and processes, and take on the ways of thinking as their own. (Booker, 2010) When mathematical ideas are communicated, specific care is taken in formulating language to keep track of what is happening with materials or representations which will eventually allow formal symbolic recording, mental operations or approximations to be conducted confidently (Booker 2010). Language is important. In the classroom environment, one should promote the use of mathematical language by encourag ing class discussions and providing students with sufficient opportunities to practice their newly learned mathematical terms which promotes confidence in using them. References Booker, G. , Bond, D. , Sparrow, L. , ; Swan, P. (2010). Teaching primary mathematics (4th edition). Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia. Fetherston, T. (2006). Becoming an effective teacher. Sydney: Thompson. Killen, R. (2005) Programming and assessment for quality teaching and learning. Retrieved from: http://edocs. library. curtin. edu. au/eres_display. cgi? url=dc60263620. pdf;copyright=1 Wilson, B. G. (2004) Designing e-Learning environments for flexible learning activity and instruction. Educational Technology Research and Development

Free Essays on Attribute Of God

Truth an Attribute of God The definition of truth according to Webster’s is conformity to fact or actuality, reality, actuality. Ryrie defines truth as â€Å"agreement to that which is represented it includes veracity, faithfulness, and consistency.† To say that God is true is to say that he is consistent with himself. He is all that he should be; he has revealed himself as he really is. His revelations are completely reliable. For man to understand that truth is knowable to him and life does make sense, he should first understand that all truth is known to God regardless of if it is found in the Bible or other sources. Therefore, it should be called God’s truth because Colossians 2:3b says, â€Å"are hid all treasures of wisdom and knowledge.† People think that God has hid his truth from them, making it inaccessible to man so they cannot understand God’s truth. Men do not practice good exegesis when the word ‘hid’ is taken out of context and means, to some people, that God is hiding his truth from them. I think that Paul is trying to say that the truth about Christ is the focal center to which all other truth about everything in creation is connected. That is to say, God is truth. We are totally dependent upon God to know truth because God is the creator of all things. He is our source for knowledge. God revealed both grace and truth to us by incarnating himself. Truth is unchanging and universal; it is not relative but is absolute. (Holmes 8) The Old Testament term for truth is emeth. This is primarily ethical rather epistemological term. Truth depends on unchanging reality, is personal, cannot change, and remains the same for every time and place in creation. It is absolute. To say these things is to say that God’s knowledge is complete and perfectly true. Truth is the implication that God exist. So one cannot believe in truth and believe that God is non-existence. We need a renewed commitment to the truth as found in t... Free Essays on Attribute Of God Free Essays on Attribute Of God Truth an Attribute of God The definition of truth according to Webster’s is conformity to fact or actuality, reality, actuality. Ryrie defines truth as â€Å"agreement to that which is represented it includes veracity, faithfulness, and consistency.† To say that God is true is to say that he is consistent with himself. He is all that he should be; he has revealed himself as he really is. His revelations are completely reliable. For man to understand that truth is knowable to him and life does make sense, he should first understand that all truth is known to God regardless of if it is found in the Bible or other sources. Therefore, it should be called God’s truth because Colossians 2:3b says, â€Å"are hid all treasures of wisdom and knowledge.† People think that God has hid his truth from them, making it inaccessible to man so they cannot understand God’s truth. Men do not practice good exegesis when the word ‘hid’ is taken out of context and means, to some people, that God is hiding his truth from them. I think that Paul is trying to say that the truth about Christ is the focal center to which all other truth about everything in creation is connected. That is to say, God is truth. We are totally dependent upon God to know truth because God is the creator of all things. He is our source for knowledge. God revealed both grace and truth to us by incarnating himself. Truth is unchanging and universal; it is not relative but is absolute. (Holmes 8) The Old Testament term for truth is emeth. This is primarily ethical rather epistemological term. Truth depends on unchanging reality, is personal, cannot change, and remains the same for every time and place in creation. It is absolute. To say these things is to say that God’s knowledge is complete and perfectly true. Truth is the implication that God exist. So one cannot believe in truth and believe that God is non-existence. We need a renewed commitment to the truth as found in t...

Three Basic Principles of Utilitarianism

Three Basic Principles of Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is one of the most important and influential moral theories of modern times. In many respects, it is the outlook of Scottish philosopher  David Hume (1711-1776) and his writings from the mid-18th century. But it received both its name and its clearest statement in the writings of English philosophers Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). Even today Mills essay Utilitarianism, which was published in 1861, remains one of the most widely taught expositions of the doctrine. There are three principles that serve as the basic axioms of utilitarianism. 1. Pleasure or Happiness Is the Only Thing That Truly Has Intrinsic Value. Utilitarianism gets its name from the term utility, which in this context does not mean useful but, rather, means pleasure or happiness.  To say that something has intrinsic value means that it is simply good in itself.  A world in which this thing exists, or is possessed, or is experienced, is better than a world without it (all other things being equal). Intrinsic value contrasts with instrumental value.  Something has instrumental value when it is a means to some end.  For example, a screwdriver has instrumental value to the carpenter; it is not valued for its own sake but for what can be done with it. Now Mill admits that we seem to value some things other than pleasure and happiness for their own sake- we value health, beauty, and knowledge in this way. But he argues that we  never  value anything unless we associate it in some way with pleasure or happiness. Thus, we value beauty because it is pleasurable to behold. We value knowledge because,  usually, it is useful to us in coping with the world, and hence is linked to happiness. We value love and friendship because they are sources of pleasure and happiness. Pleasure and happiness, though, are unique in being valued purely for their own sake. No other reason for valuing them needs to be given. It is better to be happy than sad. This cant really be proved. But everyone thinks this. Mill thinks of happiness as consisting of many and varied pleasures. Thats why he runs the two concepts together. Most utilitarians, though, talk mainly of happiness, and that is what we will do from this point on. 2. Actions Are Right Insofar as They Promote Happiness, Wrong Insofar as They Produce Unhappiness. This principle is controversial. It makes utilitarianism a form of consequentialism since it says that the morality of an action is decided by its consequences. The more happiness is produced among those affected by the action, the better the action is. So, all things being equal, giving presents to a whole gang of children is better than giving a present to just one. Similarly, saving two lives is better than saving one life. That can seem quite sensible. But the principle is controversial because many people would say that what decides the morality of an action is the  motive  behind it. They would say, for instance, that if you give $1,000 to charity because you want to look good to voters in an election, your action is not so deserving of praise as if you gave $50 to charity motivated by compassion, or a sense of duty. 3. Everyones Happiness Counts Equally. This may strike you as a rather obvious moral principle. But when it was put forward by Bentham (in the form, everyone to count for one; no-one for more than one) it was quite radical. Two hundred years ago, it was a commonly held view that some lives, and the happiness they contained, were simply more important and valuable than others.  For example, the lives of masters were more important than slaves; the well-being of a king was more important than that of a peasant. So in Benthams time, this principle of equality was decidedly progressive.  It lay behind calls on the government to pass policies that would benefit all equally, not just the ruling elite. It is also the reason why utilitarianism is very far removed from any kind of egoism. The doctrine does not say that you should strive to maximize your own happiness. Rather, your happiness is just that of one person and carries no special weight. Utilitarians like the Australian philosopher Peter Singer take this idea of treating everyone equally very seriously. Singer argues that we have the same obligation to help needy strangers in far-off places as we have to help those closest to us. Critics think that this makes utilitarianism unrealistic and too demanding. But in Utilitarianism,  Mill attempts to answer this criticism by arguing that the general happiness is best served by each person focusing primarily on themselves and those around them. Benthams commitment to equality was radical in another way, too. Most moral philosophers before him had held that human beings have no particular obligations to animals since animals cant reason or talk, and they lack free will. But in Benthams view, this is irrelevant. What matters is whether an animal is capable of feeling pleasure or pain. He doesnt say that we should treat animals as if they were human. But he does think that the world is a better place if there is more pleasure and less suffering among the animals as well as among us. So we should at least avoid causing animals unnecessary suffering.